Render time scales linearly with sample count and quadratically with resolution. Doubling samples doubles render time. Doubling resolution (e.g., 1080p to 4K) quadruples it because there are 4x more pixels. The GPU multiplier lets you adjust for hardware differences (GPU vs CPU, older vs newer cards).
1x = same hardware. 0.5x = 2x faster GPU (e.g., GTX 1060 to RTX 4070). 0.25x = 4x faster (high-end to dual-GPU workstation). 2x = rendering on CPU instead of GPU. 4x = very old CPU. Use benchmark data from Blender Open Data to find exact multipliers for your hardware.
Yes, approximately. Rendering is pixel-based 2x linear resolution = 4x pixel count. Going from 1080p (2.07 MP) to 4K (8.29 MP) is 4.0x more pixels. Going to 8K (33.2 MP) is 16x more pixels than 1080p. This is the single biggest factor in render time.